Antibiotics in the end-of-life phase in pediatric oncological patients with a diagnosis of terminal illness: a dilemma / Uso de antibióticos en niños con patología oncológica en la fase final de vida: el dilema

Abstract Background: Pediatric cancer patients in the final phase of life receive antibiotics empirically. The decision to start, maintain, or stop the antibiotic administration as part of care at this stage is a dilemma. Methods: We conducted a retrospective, descriptive, cross-sectional study including cancer patients in the final phase of life, hospitalized during the last 5 to 7 days of life. We included demographic variables, diagnoses, days of hospitalization, cultures, antibiotics used, prevalent symptoms in the last week of life, and principal diagnosis at the time of death, and performed descriptive statistics and a chord diagram. Results: Twenty-two patients were included; 18 (81.81%) received antibiotic treatment. The mean age was 8.75 years. The predominant pathologies were central nervous system tumors in seven patients (31.81%). Of the total, 18 (81.81%) had an infectious diagnosis reported as bloodstream infection, followed by pneumonia in three (13.63%). The main cause of death was respiratory failure (40.9%). Of the 18 patients with an infectious diagnosis, 16 (88.88%) received empiric therapy. Predominant factors for antibiotic use were more than 7 days of hospitalization (75%), ICU admission (100%), invasive devices (88.8%), and aminergic support (100%). The predominant symptoms were dyspnea (68.18%), pain (50%), and fever (40.9%), which persisted in nine (60%), two (18.18%), and five (55.5%) patients, respectively. Conclusions: The lack of guidelines for antibiotic administration leads to excessive and potentially unnecessary use, which can lead to discomfort, prolonged hospitalization, bacterial resistance, excessive cost, and suffering without symptom control.

Resumen Introducción: Los pacientes pediátricos oncológicos en la fase final de vida reciben antibióticos de forma empírica. La decisión de iniciar, mantener o suspender la administración del antibiótico como parte del cuidado en esta etapa es un dilema. Métodos: Se llevó a cabo un estudio retrospectivo, descriptivo y transversal que incluyó pacientes oncológicos en fase final de vida, hospitalizados durante los últimos 5 a 7 días de vida. Se incluyeron variables demográficas, diagnósticos, días de estancia hospitalaria, cultivos, antibióticos utilizados, síntomas prevalentes en la última semana de vida y diagnóstico principal al momento de fallecer. Se realizó estadística descriptiva y un gráfico de cuerdas. Resultados: Se incluyeron 22 pacientes: 18 (81.81%) recibieron manejo antibiótico. La media de edad fue de 8.75 años. Las patologías predominantes fueron tumores de sistema nervioso central en siete pacientes (31.81%). Del total, 18 (81.81%) pacientes presentaron infección del torrente sanguíneo; tres (13.63%) presentaron neumonía. La principal causa de muerte fue insuficiencia respiratoria (40.9%). De los 18 pacientes con diagnóstico infeccioso, 16 (88.88%) recibieron terapia empírica. Los factores prevalentes para el uso antibiótico fueron una estancia hospitalaria mayor a 7 días (75%), hospitalización en Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos (100%), dispositivos invasivos (88.8%) y apoyo aminérgico (100%). El síntoma prevalente fue disnea (68.18%), dolor (50%) y fiebre (40.9%), mismos que persistieron en nueve (60%), dos (18.18%) y cinco pacientes (55.5%), respectivamente. Conclusiones: La falta de pautas respecto a la administración de antibióticos conlleva a su uso excesivo y potencialmente innecesario, lo cual puede ocasionar incomodidad, prolongar la hospitalización, resistencia bacteriana, costos excesivos y sufrimiento, sin control de los síntomas.

Impact of COVID-19 containment measures on children with cancer in Indonesia

Introduction: Containment measures to limit COVID-19 spreading profoundly impact children around the globe, especially in low- and middle-income countries such as Indonesia. The aim of this case series study is to uncover the impact that COVID-19 measures have on Indonesian children with cancer and their families. Materials and Methods: A case series study was conducted in July 2021. Investigators identified three children diagnosed with cancer at an Indonesian referral hospital and studied their medical records. Caretakers were interviewed inside the hospital by an independent interviewer using a semi-structured questionnaire. Results: This study presents three children with cancer and their families. Access to proper healthcare was hindered during the COVID-19 pandemic due to mobility restrictions, medical staff shortage, limited chemotherapy and blood products availability, postponed medical procedures, and delayed or modified treatment administration. Financial hardships resulted because caretakers lost their jobs due to lockdowns and medication costs were no longer fully covered by health-insurance. Children and their relatives suffered from mental health issues. Anxiety, depression, stress, and loneliness were caused by the fear of receiving suboptimal cancer treatment, serious concerns about financial difficulties, and restricted social interactions. All families believed that COVID-19 measures worsened their children’s survival chances. Conclusion: COVID-19 measures adversely impact children with cancer and their families in Indonesia, and most likely in other low- and middle-income countries as well. Disruptions in timely and adequate childhood cancer treatment administration may importantly deteriorate survival chances. Governments and policymakers should take these indirect effects into account to protect vulnerable children and their families.

Considerações sobre a comunicação do diagnóstico de câncer infantil: posição da criança, lugar dos pais, efeitos do discurso médico e possibilidades de intervenção do discurso do psicanalista / Considerations on communicating the diagnosis of childhood cancer: the child's position, the parent's place, effects of the medical discourse, and the intervention possibilities of the discourse of the psychoanalyst / Considérations à propos de la communication de la diagnose de cancer de l'enfant: la position de l'enfant, la place des parents, les effets du discours médical et le possibilités d'intervention du discours de l'analyste / Consideraciones sobre la comunicación del diagnóstico de cáncer infantil: posición del niño, el lugar de los padres, los efectos del discurso médico y las posibilidades de intervención del discurso del analista

O presente trabalho tem como objetivo investigar o processo de comunicação do diagnóstico de câncer infantil, levando em consideração a posição da criança, o lugar dos pais, os efeitos do discurso médico e as possibilidades de intervenção do discurso do analista. A partir da discussão de três casos clínicos, percebeu-se que a escuta analítica pôde auxiliar a equipe diante do conflito bioético cada vez mais presente na oncopediatria: deve a criança saber a verdade ou deve ser ela protegida da verdade? O discurso do psicanalista, estando advertido da impossibilidade de tudo dizer a respeito da verdade, consegue de antemão se desvencilhar desses imperativos e operar proporcionando um giro discursivo que produz como efeito a entrada em cena do saber singular do sujeito- -criança em detrimento de um saber universitário de ordem protocolar.

This paper investigates the process of communicating the diagnosis of childhood cancer considering the child's position, the parents' place, the effects of the medical discourse, and the intervention possibilities of the discourse of the psychoanalyst. Based on three clinical cases, the discussion points out how the analytic listening helped the team faced with a bioethical conflict increasingly present in pediatric oncology: should the child know the truth, or should they be protected from it? Being aware of the impossibility of telling the whole truth, the analyst can disentangle themself in advance from these imperatives and provide a discursive turn which highlights the child subject's singular knowledge in detriment of the formal academic knowledge.

La présente recherche vise à enquêter sur le processus de communication du diagnostic de cancer de l'enfant, tenant compte de la position de l'enfant, de la place des parents, des effets du discours médical et des possibilités d'intervention du discours de l'analyste. À partir de la discussion de trois cas cliniques, il a été possible de percevoir que l'écoute analytique a pu aider l'équipe face au conflit bioéthique de plus en plus présent en oncologie pédiatrique: l'enfant doit-il savoir la vérité ou doit-il être protégé de la vérité? Le discours du psychanalyste, prévenu de l'impossibilité de tout dire la vérité, parvient d'avance à se débarrasser de ces impératifs et à opérer en pourvoyant une tournure discursive qui produit l'effet de mise en scène du savoir singulier du sujet enfant au détriment du savoir de l'université de l'ordre protocolaire.

Este trabajo tiene como objetivo investigar el proceso de comunicación del diagnóstico de cáncer infantil, teniendo en cuenta la posición del niño, el lugar de los padres, los efectos del discurso médico y las posibilidades de intervención del discurso del analista. A partir de la discusión de tres casos clínicos, se constató que la escucha analítica ha podido ayudar al equipo ante el conflicto bioético cada vez más presente en la oncología pediátrica: ¿El niño debe conocer la verdad o debe estar protegido de la verdad? El discurso del analista, advertido de la imposibilidad de decir toda la verdad, logra de antemano deshacerse de estos imperativos y proporcionar un giro discursivo que produce el efecto de la entrada en escena del saber singular del sujeto infantil en detrimento del saber de la universidad de orden protocolario.

Medication errors in a children's inpatient antineoplastic chemotherapy facility / Errores de medicación en un centro de quimioterapia antineoplásica para pacientes pediátricos hospitalizados

Abstract Background: Due to many antineoplastic drugs' toxicity and narrow therapeutic window, medication errors are a health concern in pediatric oncology patients. This study aimed to identify and classify medication errors in a pediatric inpatient chemotherapy facility and evaluate the outcomes of these medication errors. Methods: We conducted an observational retrospective study over 5 months in a chemotherapy facility for pediatric patients. The evaluation consisted of the review of the available medical records. The medication errors detected were manually recorded in a medical logbook. The International Classification for Patient Safety was adjusted to our clinical setting for the analysis, the terminology, and the classification system. A descriptive analysis was performed. Results: A total of 286 medical records were reviewed; one type of medication error was noted in at least 97.6%, and 962 errors were identified totally, with an overall rate of 3.36 errors per visit. Most errors occurred in the documentation stage (643; 66.8%), followed by the administration stage (227; 23.6%). Of all medication errors, 37.2% had the potential to cause injury, but only five reached the patient (0.5%), and only two (0.2%) resulted in a severe harmful incident. Conclusions: Medication errors were common, especially at the documentation stage. Better documentation strategies need to be implemented to reduce the rate of near misses and prevent potential adverse events.

Resumen Introducción: Los errores de medicación son un problema de salud en niños con cáncer debido a la toxicidad y a la estrecha ventana terapéutica de muchos fármacos antineoplásicos. El objetivo de este estudio fue identificar y clasificar los errores de medicación en un centro de quimioterapia para pacientes pediátricos hospitalizados, así como evaluar los resultados de estos errores de medicación. Métodos: Se llevó a cabo un estudio observacional retrospectivo realizado durante un periodo de 5 meses en un centro de quimioterapia para pacientes pediátricos. La evaluación consistió en la revisión de las historias clínicas disponibles. Los errores de medicación detectados fueron registrados manualmente en una bitácora. Para el análisis, la terminología y el sistema de clasificación, la Clasificación Internacional para la Seguridad del Paciente se ajustó a nuestro entorno clínico. Se realizó un análisis descriptivo. Resultados: Se revisaron 286 historias clínicas; se observó un tipo de error de medicación al menos en el 97.6%. En total se identificaron 962 errores de medicación, con una tasa general de 3.36 errores por visita. En la etapa de documentación fue donde más errores ocurrieron (643; 66.8%), seguido de la etapa de administración (227; 23.6%). De todos los errores de medicación, el 37.2% tuvo el potencial de causar lesiones, pero solo cinco llegaron al paciente (0.5%) y solo dos (0.2%) provocaron un incidente dañino severo. Conclusiones: Los errores de medicación fueron comunes, especialmente en la etapa de documentación. Es necesario implementar mejores estrategias de documentación para reducir la tasa de cuasi accidentes y prevenir posibles eventos adversos.

Examining patterns of traditional Chinese medicine use in pediatric oncology: A systematic review, meta-analysis and data-mining study / 中西医结合学报

BACKGROUND@#Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) is becoming a popular complementary approach in pediatric oncology. However, few or no meta-analyses have focused on clinical studies of the use of TCM in pediatric oncology.@*OBJECTIVE@#We explored the patterns of TCM use and its efficacy in children with cancer, using a systematic review, meta-analysis and data mining study.@*SEARCH STRATEGY@#We conducted a search of five English (Allied and Complementary Medicine Database, Embase, PubMed, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, and ClinicalTrials.gov) and four Chinese databases (Wanfang Data, China National Knowledge Infrastructure, Chinese Biomedical Literature Database, and VIP Chinese Science and Technology Periodicals Database) for clinical studies published before October 2021, using keywords related to "pediatric," "cancer," and "TCM."@*INCLUSION CRITERIA@#We included studies which were randomized controlled trials (RCTs) or observational clinical studies, focused on patients aged < 19 years old who had been diagnosed with cancer, and included at least one group of subjects receiving TCM treatment.@*DATA EXTRACTION AND ANALYSIS@#The methodological quality of RCTs and observational studies was assessed using the six-item Jadad scale and the Effective Public Healthcare Panacea Project Quality Assessment Tool, respectively. Meta-analysis was used to evaluate the efficacy of combining TCM with chemotherapy. Study outcomes included the treatment response rate and occurrence of cancer-related symptoms. Association rule mining (ARM) was used to investigate the associations among medicinal herbs and patient symptoms.@*RESULTS@#The 54 studies included in this analysis were comprised of RCTs (63.0%) and observational studies (37.0%). Most RCTs focused on hematological malignancies (41.2%). The study outcomes included chemotherapy-induced toxicities (76.5%), infection rate (35.3%), and response, survival or relapse rate (23.5%). The methodological quality of most of the RCTs (82.4%) and observational studies (80.0%) was rated as "moderate." In studies of leukemia patients, adding TCM to conventional treatment significantly improved the clinical response rate (odds ratio [OR] = 2.55; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.49-4.36), lowered infection rate (OR = 0.23; 95% CI = 0.13-0.40), and reduced nausea and vomiting (OR = 0.13; 95% CI = 0.08-0.23). ARM showed that Radix Astragali, the most commonly used medicinal herb (58.0%), was associated with treating myelosuppression, gastrointestinal complications, and infection.@*CONCLUSION@#There is growing evidence that TCM is an effective adjuvant therapy for children with cancer. We proposed a checklist to improve the quality of TCM trials in pediatric oncology. Future work will examine the use of ARM techniques on real-world data to evaluate the efficacy of medicinal herbs and drug-herb interactions in children receiving TCM as a part of integrated cancer therapy.

Transitar doente: laços e desenlaces entre os adolescentes sobreviventes de câncer infantojuvenil, seus familiares e a instituição hospitalar / Transitioning with illness: bonds and disconnections between adolescent cancer survivors, their families and the hospital

Resumo Os objetivos deste artigo abrangem compreender o impacto da experiência de adoecimento em sobreviventes de câncer infantojuvenil e em seus familiares ao longo dos processos de transição inerentes à vida e, também, explorar o papel que a instituição hospitalar pode desempenhar no decorrer dessas passagens. Uma pesquisa com método psicanalítico foi realizada em um hospital público, filantrópico e considerado referência em oncologia pediátrica. Foram feitas entrevistas em profundidade com 12 adolescentes e suas respectivas mães. A análise das entrevistas embasou-se no referencial psicanalítico de Freud e Lacan, originando duas chaves de leitura: (1) a incidência do Real sobre os sobreviventes e suas mães e os efeitos de indiferenciação no registro Imaginário e de inibição ao sustentar um projeto próprio no futuro; e (2) o efeito de alienação nos sujeitos e em seus corpos produzido por meio da idealização da instituição hospitalar e seu saber biomédico. A partir da análise das entrevistas, foi possível identificar problemáticas relacionadas à modalidade de laço estabelecida entre os entrevistados e instituição hospitalar. Embasados nesta pesquisa, a instituição estudada interessou-se em construir um ambulatório de transição norteado pela ética da psicanálise, visando auxiliar o jovem no desenlace da instituição mediante, principalmente, a sua reinserção social.

Abstract This article aims to understand the impact of the illness experience on child and adolescent cancer survivors and their families during life transitions and to examine the role that the hospital institution can play during these transitions. A study using a psychoanalytic method was conducted in a public, philanthropic hospital that is considered a reference in pediatric oncology. In-depth interviews were conducted with 12 adolescents and their mothers. Analysis of the interviews was based on the psychoanalytic framework of Freud and Lacan and resulted in two reading keys: (1) the effects of the reality on the survivors and their mothers and the effects of undifferentiation in the imaginary register and inhibition to maintain their own project in the future; and (2) the effects of alienation on the subjects and their bodies caused by the idealization of the hospital institution and its biomedical knowledge. Analysis of the interviews revealed problems related to the nature of the bond between the interviewees and the hospital institution. Based on this research, the institution under study was interested in establishing a psychoanalytically oriented transitional clinic to help young people upon discharge from the institution, primarily through their social reintegration.

Desempenho do PRISM III e do PIM 2 em unidade de terapia intensiva pediátrica oncológica / Performance of PRISM III and PIM 2 scores in a cancer pediatric intensive care unit

RESUMO Objetivo: Avaliar o desempenho do Pediatric Risk of Mortality (PRISM) III e do Pediatric Index of Mortality (PIM) 2 em unidade de terapia intensiva pediátrica. Métodos: Estudo de coorte retrospectivo. Os dados retrospectivos foram coletados dos prontuários de todos os pacientes admitidos na unidade de terapia intensiva pediátrica de um hospital infantil oncológico, entre janeiro de 2017 a junho de 2018. Resultados: A média do PRISM III foi de 15 e do PIM 2 de 24%. Dos 338 pacientes estudados, 62 (18,34%) morreram. A mortalidade estimada pelo PRISM III foi de 79,52 (23,52%) e pelo PIM 2 de 80,19 (23,72%) pacientes, correspondendo a taxa padronizada de mortalidade (intervalo de confiança de 95%) de 0,78 para o PRISM II e 0,77 para o PIM 2. O teste de ajuste de Hosmer-Lemeshow obteve qui-quadrado de 11,56, 8df, com p = 0,975, para PRISM III, e qui-quadrado de 0,48, 8df, p = 0,999, para o PIM 2. Foi obtida área sob a curva Característica de Operação do Receptor de 0,71 para o PRISM III e 0,76 para o PIM 2. Conclusão: Os dois escores superestimaram a mortalidade e demonstraram poder regular de discriminação entre sobreviventes e não sobreviventes. Devem ser desenvolvidos modelos para quantificar a gravidade de pacientes pediátricos com câncer em unidade de terapia intensiva pediátrica e predizer o risco de mortalidade que contemplem suas peculiaridades.

ABSTRACT Objective: To assess the performance of Pediatric Risk of Mortality (PRISM) III and Pediatric Index of Mortality (PIM) 2 scores in the pediatric intensive care unit. Methods: A retrospective cohort study. Data were retrospectively collected from medical records of all patients admitted to the pediatric intensive care unit of a cancer hospital from January 2017 to June 2018. Results: The mean PRISM III score was 15, and PIM 2, 24%. From the 338 studied patients, 62 (18.34%) died. The PRISM III estimated mortality was 79.52 patients (23.52%) and for PIM 2 80.19 patients (23.72%), corresponding to a standardized mortality ratio (95% confidence interval: 0.78 for PRISM II and 0.77 for PIM 2). The Hosmer-Lemeshow chi-square test was 11.56, 8df, 0.975 for PRISM II and 0.48, 8df, p = 0.999 for PIM 2. The area under the Receiver Operating Characteristic curve was 0.71 for PRISM III and 0.76 for PIM 2. Conclusion: Both scores overestimated mortality and have shown a regular ability to discriminate between survivors and non-survivors. Models should be developed to quantify the severity of cancer pediatric patients in Pediatric Intensive Care Units and to predict the mortality risk accounting for their peculiarities.

Hospitalização em oncologia pediátrica e desenvolvimento infantil: interfaces entre aspectos cognitivos e afetivos / Hospitalization in pediatric oncology and child development: cognitive and affective interface / Hospitalización en oncología pediátrica y desarrollo infantil: interfaces entre aspectos cognitivos y afectivos

O diagnóstico e o tratamento de câncer na infância exigem que a criança construa formas de enfrentamento, o que torna relevante compreender sua percepção e o modo como se organiza cognitivamente. O objetivo deste estudo foi caracterizar de que maneira os processos de hospitalização e tratamento são compreendidos pelos participantes diante da vivência de neoplasia infantil, considerando a etapa de desenvolvimento cognitivo e afetivo, de acordo com a perspectiva piagetiana. Foi realizada uma pesquisa qualitativa no ambulatório de oncologia pediátrica em um hospital da Baixada Santista, com entrevistas semiestruturadas, provas piagetianas e desenhos-estórias com tema, com uma amostra de conveniência de cinco crianças com entre 4 e 9 anos e com diagnóstico de leucemia. Os dados foram categorizados pela análise de conteúdo temática de Bardin (1988), as provas piagetianas de acordo com a teoria de Piaget e os desenhos-estórias a partir de Trinca (2002). Duas crianças (com 4 e 6 anos) se caracterizaram como pré-operatórias e três (com 8 e 9 anos) como operatórias concretas, sendo observado que as pré-operatórias apresentam um discurso com alta carga simbólica sobre o sofrimento da hospitalização e tratamento, enquanto crianças operatório-concretas demonstram domínio da noção de causa e consequência e pensamento lógico. Uma comparação qualitativa entre as provas piagetianas e os desenhos indicou coerência entre os tipos de avaliação. Todos os participantes mostram compreensão de sua atual situação de adoecimento e tratamento, apresentando diferentes formas de enfrentamento. Além disso, todos ressaltaram uma posição otimista em relação às perspectivas de cura, independentemente do momento do desenvolvimento cognitivo.(AU)

Diagnosing and treating childhood cancer requires children to develop coping strategies, indicating the need for understanding their perception and cognitive organization. Thus, this study aimed to understand how participants perceive the process of hospitalization and treatment for childhood neoplasia according to Piaget's stages of cognitive and affective development. This is a qualitative study conducted with a convenience sample of five children aged between 4 and 9 years, diagnosed with Leukemia and treated at a pediatric oncology outpatient clinic in a hospital in Baixada Santista, São Paulo, Brazil. Data were collected using semi-structured interviews, Piagetian proofs, and thematic drawing-and-story procedure and analyzed in the light of Bardin's Thematic Content Analysis (1988), Piaget's theory, and Trinca's theory (2002), respectively. Two children (4 and 6 years old) were characterized as preoperative and three (8 and 9 years old) as concrete operative. The discourse of preoperative children included high levels of symbolism regarding the suffering arising from hospitalization and the effects of treatment, while concrete-operative children demonstrated mastery of the notion of cause and consequence and logical thinking. A qualitative comparison between Piagetian Proofs and drawings showed consistency between the types of evaluation. All participants show an understanding of their current condition and treatment, presenting different forms of coping. They also highlighted an optimistic position regarding the prospects for healing, regardless of their cognitive development stage.(AU)

El diagnóstico y tratamiento de cáncer infantil requiere del niño la construcción de formas de enfrentamiento de la enfermedad, lo que hace relevante la necesidad de comprender su percepción y el modo cómo se organiza cognitivamente. Este estudio tuvo como objetivo caracterizar de qué manera el proceso de hospitalización y tratamiento por neoplasia infantil son comprendidos por los participantes, considerando su etapa de desarrollo cognitivo según la perspectiva piagetiana. Se realizó una investigación cualitativa en el ambulatorio de oncología pediátrica en un hospital de la Baixada Santista (Brasil), con entrevistas semiestructuradas, pruebas piagetianas y dibujos-historias con tema, con una muestra de cinco niños de entre 4 y 9 años de edad y con diagnóstico de leucemia. Los datos fueron categorizados por el análisis de contenido temático de Bardin (1988), las pruebas piagetianas de acuerdo con la teoría de Piaget y los dibujos-historias mediante Trinca (2002). Dos niños (con 4 y 6 años) se caracterizaron en la etapa preoperacional, y tres (con 8 y 9 años) en la de operaciones concretas, siendo observado que los niños en la etapa preoperacional presentan un discurso con alta carga simbólica sobre el sufrimiento de la hospitalización y tratamiento, mientras que niños en la de operaciones concretas tienen dominio de la noción de causa y consecuencia y pensamiento lógico. Una comparación cualitativa entre las pruebas piagetianas y los dibujos mostró coherencia entre los tipos de evaluación. Todos los participantes comprendían su actual situación de enfermedad y tratamiento, presentando diferentes formas de enfrentamiento. Además, todos resaltaron una actitud optimista en relación a las perspectivas de curación, independiente del momento del desarrollo cognitivo.(AU)

Evaluating Fidelity of reporting in randomized controlled trials on childhood acute lymphocytic leukemia

Background: Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) play an integral role in childhood cancer research. Several efforts to improve the quality of reporting of clinical trials have been published in recent years, including the TIDieR checklist. Many reviews have since used TIDieR to evaluate how well RCTs are being reported, but no such study has yet been done in childhood cancer. The aim of this study is to evaluate adherence of RCTs involving acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL) to the TIDieR checklist. Methods: The PubMed database was used to screen for RCTs involving ALL published since 2015. Of 1546 articles identified, 46 met study criteria and were then evaluated against the TIDieR 12-point checklist to measure the degree of adherence. Results: Of the 46 articles included, 9 (19.6%) met full TIDieR criteria. Seven of the 9 reported non-pharmacological interventions, and the remaining 2 reported pharmacological interventions. The average article properly reported 8.98/12 checklist items. Item 5 (intervention provider) was the most poorly reported item, properly reported in only 34.8% of articles. Conclusion: We conclude that overall TIDieR adherence is low and needs to be adhered to more fully in order to improve research in ALL as well as in all childhood cancers.

Estudo sobre sonhos de pacientes da oncologia pediátrica / Study on pediatric oncology patients' dreams / Estudio sobre sueños de pacientes de la oncología pediátrica

Este artigo pretendeu realizar uma breve revisão de literatura da psico-oncologia sobre os efeitos do diagnóstico e tratamento de câncer na vida do indivíduo para, em seguida, relacionarmos com a teoria analítica sobre sonhos, trauma e a doença como símbolo. O objetivo deste trabalho é estudar os sonhos desses pacientes, entre 10 e 12 anos, estejam eles ainda em tratamento ou não, a fim de relacionar os elementos e/ou temáticas comuns aos sonhos deste grupo, com a experiência com a doença, suas sequelas e a teoria analítica. Foram realizadas entrevistas com o paciente e seu responsável, além da coleta dos relatos de sonhos das crianças. A análise do material nos aproximou da situação psíquica dos sujeitos, na qual, a partir dos elementos e estruturas oníricas, foi possível perceber uma fragilidade emocional intensa e a possibilidade de dissociação psíquica. Os temas oníricos remetem à doença e ao seu tratamento apontando para uma tentativa de elaboração dessas vivências.

This article aims to perform a literature review of psycho-oncology on the effects of cancer diagnosis and treatment on the individual's life, and then relate to the analytical theory about dreams, trauma and disease as a symbol. The objective of this study is to study the dreams of these patients, between 10 and 12 years old, whether they are still undergoing treatment or not, in order to study the elements and/or the themes common to the dreams of this group, relating them to the experience with the disease and its sequels and analytical theory. Interviews were conducted with the patient and his / her caregiver, as well as the collection of reports of children's dreams. The analysis of the material brought us closer to the psychic situation of the subjects, where, from the dream elements and structures, it was possible to perceive an intense emotional fragility and the possibility of psychic dissociation. The morbid themes and aspects related to the disease and its treatment point to an attempt to elaborate these experiences.

Este artículo pretendió realizar una revisión de literatura de la psicooncología sobre los efectos del diagnóstico y tratamiento de cáncer en la vida del individuo, para luego relacionarse con la teoría analítica sobre sueños, trauma y la enfermedad como símbolo. El objetivo de este trabajo es estudiar los sueños de estos pacientes, entre 10 y 12 años, estén ellos todavía en tratamiento o no, a fin de relacionar los elementos y/o temáticas comunes a los sueños de este grupo, con la experiencia con la enfermedad, sus secuelas y la teoría analítica. Se realizaron entrevistas con el paciente y su responsable, además de la recolección de los relatos de sueños de los niños. El análisis del material nos acercó a la situación psíquica de los sujetos, donde, a partir de los elementos y estructuras oníricas, fue posible percibir una fragilidad emocional intensa y la posibilidad de disociación psíquica. Los temas oníricos remiten a la enfermedad y su tratamiento apuntando hacia un intento de elaboración de esas vivencias.

Perioperative management of critical right ventricular inflow obstruction from right atrial rhabdomyoma

Rhabdomyoma is the most common cardiac tumor in infancy and commonly located in the ventricles causing outflow obstruction or arrhythmias. We report a rare pediatric (7 month old) case of a right atrial rhabdomyoma presenting with severe cyanosis and low cardiac output from significant tricuspid inflow obstruction with right to left shunt across a stretched patent foramen ovale. We present an emergency cardiac surgery for right atrial tumor resection, and the management of separating the patient with failing right ventricle from cardiopulmonary bypass using a Glenn shunt, since extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) or nitric oxide was not available.

Non-pharmacological Interventions for Pediatric Cancer Patients: A Comparative Review and Emerging Needs in India

Context: Evidence-based research on psycho-oncology in last three decades lays emphasis upon the critical role of psychologicalservices for better illness adjustment, improved quality of life, reduced distress and cognitive problems among the rapidly increasingpediatric cancer population.Justification: This review aims to summarize the evidence-based psychological interventions in childhood cancer over the two decadesand addresses the wide gap that existed between intervention studies worldwide and India, thus highlighting the need for research andappropriate services.Evidence acquisition: We searched electronic databases such as MedLine, PubMed, PsycINFO, and Google Scholar. Key searchterms were pediatric cancer, psycho-oncology, children with cancer + psychological intervention, or multimodal treatment, psychotherapy,cognitive training, behavioral, social skills+ feasibility study, pilot, randomized controlled trial, case study, systematic reviews.Results: 28 full papers published between 1996 to 2016, including survivors and under-treatment children below 18 years, werereviewed. Various types of key interventions were psychosocial, physical, cognitive behavioral, cognitive, music art therapy and playtherapy. Generally, intervention settings were either hospital or home, and were designed to promote psychological well-being.Psychological interventions were more in customised formats in these studies. A generic intervention module was not available forreplication.Conclusion: Development of culture-specific generic intervention module and using the same in randomized control studies with largereffect size are needed in India for larger coverage of patients.

Caracterización clinicoepidemiológica de los tumores de cabeza y cuello en niños y adolescentes desde 2000 hasta 2016 / Clinical epidemiological characterization of head and neck tumors in children and adolescents from 2000 to 2016

Se realizó un estudio descriptivo, transversal y retrospectivo de 23 pacientes con tumores de cabeza y cuello, atendidos en el Servicio de Oncología Pediátrica del Hospital Infantil Sur Docente Dr Antonio María Béguez César de Santiago de Cuba durante el período 2000-2016. En la casuística predominaron el grupo etario de 10-14 años (39,1 por ciento), el sexo masculino, la localización nasofaríngea (39,1 por ciento), el linfoma no Hodking y el carcinoma papilar como variedades histológicas, el estadio clínico III y el mayor número de pacientes diagnosticados en 2013 y 2014

A descriptive, cross-sectional and retrospective study of 23 patients with head and neck tumors, assisted in the Oncology Pediatric Service of Dr Antonio María Béguez César Southern Teaching Children Hospital was carried out in Santiago de Cuba during 2000-2016. In the case material there was a prevalence of the 10-14 age group (39.1 percent), male sex, nasopharingeal localization (39.1 percen), non Hodking lymphoma and papillary carcinoma as histological varieties, phase III clinical stage and the highest number of patients diagnosed in 2013 and 2014

Partnership of the Sociedade Brasileira de Oncologia Pediátrica and International Society of Pediatric Oncology to improve nutritional care for children with cancer in Brazil

Abstract The authors present a proposal of a partnership between the Sociedade Brasileira de Oncologia Pediátrica (SOBOPE) and the International Society of Pediatric Oncology (SIOP) to promote the standardization and improvement of nutritional care of kids under cancer treatment in Brazil. The results of the first meeting in Brazil as well as plans for future meetings are described.

Osteosarcoma telangiectásico en un lactante / Telangiectatic osteosarcoma in an infant

Resumen: Introducción: El osteosarcoma es uno de los tipos de cáncer más común en la etapa escolar y en la adolescencia, y es el más común de los tumores óseos malignos en este grupo de edad. Frecuentemente, el osteosarcoma es hallado en los huesos largos de las extremidades. Existen muy pocos casos descritos en menores de 5 años. Hasta donde se sabe, no hay ningún caso reportado en lactantes. La variedad telangiectásica es poco común y no existen casos reportados antes de la edad preescolar. Caso clínico: Se presenta el caso clínico de una paciente lactante de 10 meses de edad que presentó un tumor lítico en la novena costilla derecha, que posterior a la resección fue clasificado como osteosarcoma telangiectásico. Conclusiones: El osteosarcoma telangiectásico en la edad pediátrica es poco común. A la fecha, la paciente ha presentado buena respuesta al tratamiento, aunque se desconoce el pronóstico y la supervivencia de este padecimiento.

Abstract: Background: Osteosarcoma is one of the most common types of cancer in childhood and adolescence and it is the most common malignant bone tumor in this group of age. Osteosarcoma is frequently found in long bones of the extremities. There are very few cases described in children under 5 years of age, and according to this review, none in infants. The telangiectatic variant is uncommon, and there are no reported cases before preschool age. Case report: A 10-month-old female infant with a lithic tumor of the ninth right rib, which was classified after resection as a telangiectatic osteosarcoma, is presented. Conclusions: Telangiectatic osteosarcoma in the pediatric age is very uncommon. To date, the patient has presented good response to treatment, although the prognosis and survival of this condition is unknown.

Perfil socioeconómico de familias de niños diagnosticados con cáncer / Socioeconomic profiles of families of children diagnosed with cancer

INTRODUCCIÓN: El cáncer es una enfermedad que demanda grandes recursos en el área médica y psicosocial. En Chile, cada año, se diagnostica cáncer a 500 niños; la sobrevida a 5 años es similar a países de altos ingresos (75%). El ingreso económico de los países es un factor relevante dado que se correlaciona con la sobrevida de los enfermos de cáncer de forma directamente proporcional. En el caso de Chile los costos de la enfermedad están cubiertos por el Sistema de Salud. Fundación Nuestros Hijos, institución privada sin fines de lucro, asiste integralmente a los niños con cáncer atendidos en el Hospital Exequiel González Cortés, entre otros. OBJETIVO: Describir la situación socioeconómica de las familias de niños diagnosticados de cáncer en el Hospital Exequiel González Cortés, durante el año 2011. MÉTODO: Estudio observacional descriptivo. Del total de 69 niños diagnosticados ese año se incluyeron 57 niños, 12 fueron excluidos: 6 por ser recaída de enfermedad oncológica y 6 por no contar con todos los datos. RESULTADOS: el 54% [n=31) fue diagnosticado de Leucemia; la edad promedio fue de 6 años; 35% (n=20) provenía de la Región de O'Higgins, Chile; 32% (n= 18) de las madres y 95% (n=40) de los padres tenía algún tipo de trabajo remunerado; el ingreso familiar promedio mensual era equivalente a 579 dólares (por debajo del promedio nacional 1.621 dólares), per cápita de 116 dólares. El 35% de las familias compartía casa con otras familias. CONCLUSIONES: Las condiciones económicas y sociales de estas familias, podrían poner en riesgo la sobrevida de sus hijos enfermos de cáncer, si no cuentan con soporte suficiente que permitan acceder de forma apropiada al tratamiento.

INTRODUCTION: Cancer is a disease that requires a great number of medical and psychosocial resources. Each year in Chile, 500 children are diagnosed with cancer, and the 5-year survival rates are similar to those of high-income countries (75%). National income is a crucial factor, given that it is directly related to cancer survival rates. In Chile, the Health System covers the medical costs of the disease. Fundación Nuestros Hijos (Our Children Foundation), a nonprofit organization, gives comprehensive assistance to children with cancer that are treated in Hospital Exequiel Gonzáles Cortés, among other centers. PURPOSE: To describe the socioeconomic situation of families who have children diagnosed with cancer, who were treated in Hosptial Exequiel González Cortés in 2011. METHODOLOGY: For this descriptive and observational study, of the 69 children who were diagnosed with cancer in Hospital Exequiel Gonzáles Cortés during 2011, 57 were included in the study, and 12 were excluded: 6 because they were suffering relapse of a previously treated oncologica disease, and the other 6 because all of their necessary data were not available. RESULTS: Of the 57 children included in the study, 54% (n=31) were diagnosed with leukemia; the average age of the children was 6 years; and 35% (n=20) of patients came from the O'Higgins Region of Chile. Additionally, 32% (n=18) of the children's mothers and 95% (n=40) of their fathers had paid employment; the average monthly family income was equivalent to USD$579 (lower than the national average USD$1,621), and USD$116 per capita. It was found that 35% of the children's families shared their home with other families. CONCLUSIONS: These families' economic and social conditions could be a risk factor for the survival of their children with cancer, if they do not have sufficient support to access appropriate treatment.

Saúde, sujeito e invenção: o trabalho clínico em oncologia pediátrica / Health, subject and invention: clinical practice in pediatric oncology / Santé, sujet et invention: le travail clinique en oncologie pediatrique / Salud, sujeto e invención: el trabajo clínico en oncología pediátrica / Gesundheit, Subjekt und Intervention: die klinische Arbeit der pädiatrischen Onkologie / 健康，主体，发明：儿科癌症的临床学

Este artigo, tendo como referência a Psicanálise e a abordagem de Canguilhem quanto à sua concepção de saúde, apresenta um fragmento clínico em oncologia pediátrica, e propõe uma discussão sobre a concepção de saúde no contexto de intervenções técnicas complexas. Este trabalho volta-se para o resgate da dimensão de sujeito revelando que a saúde, nesses pacientes, diz respeito sobretudo à possibilidade presente em cada um de criar formas possíveis de viver.

This paper, having Psychoanalysis and Canguilhem’s approach to health as references, presents a clinical fragment of pediatric oncology and proposes a discussion concerning the concept of health in a context of complex technical interventions. This practice is focused on redeeming the subjective dimension – revealing that health, in these patients, concerns mainly the possibility each one of them has of creating possible ways of living.

Cet article, ayant comme référence la psychanalyse et l'approche de Canguilhem quant à sa conception de la santé, présente un fragment clinique en oncologie pédiatrique et propose une discussion sur la conception de la santé dans le contexte d'interventions techniques complexes. Ce travail est axé sur le rétablissement de la dimension de sujet révélant que, la santé, chez ces patients, concerne surtout la possibilité présente en chacun de créer des façons possibles de vivre.

Este artículo, que tiene como referencia de estudio al Psicoanálisis y a la influencia teórica de Canguilhem en lo relacionado con su concepción de salud, presenta un fragmento clínico realizado en oncología pediátrica y propone una discusión sobre la concepción de salud en el contexto de las intervenciones técnicas complejas. La experiencia relatada en este artículo hace referencia a un trabajo clínico llevado a cabo en oncología pediátrica. Este trabajo se propone a rescatar la dimensión de sujeto, revelando que la salud en estos pacientes se refiere sobre todo a la posibilidad, presente en cada uno de ellos, de generar formas posibles de vivir.

Dieser Artikel gründet sich auf die Psychoanalyse und Canguilhems Gesundheitsbegriff. Ein klinisches Fragment der pädiatrischen Onkologie wird hier benutzt, um den Begriff der Gesundheit im Kontext komplexer technischer Interventionen zu diskutieren. Wir versuchen damit, die Dimension des Subjekts ins Licht zu rücken und zeigen auf, dass die Gesundheit der Patienten von ihrer individuellen Kapazität abhängt, mögliche Lebensweisen zu entwickeln.

本论文参照精神分析学的有关著作和法国哲学家乔治•康桂廉(Georges Canguilhem)关于健康的概念，介绍儿科癌症学临床的部分问题，在复杂的临床干预技术之外，探讨健康的概念。本论文认为，从哲学层面讲，对儿科癌症病人来说，所谓健康，就是个人能够按照自己想要的生活方式来生活，反之，就是不健康。.

A importância do diagnóstico precoce em oncologia pediátrica - Tumor de Wilms: relato de caso / The importance of early diagnosis in pediatric oncology – Wilms’ tumor: a case report

Introdução: O câncer representa a primeira causa de morte por doença entre crianças de 1 a 19 anos. Os tumores renais são responsáveis por 5% a 10% destas neoplasias. A apresentação clínica inicial mais frequente é a presença de massa abdominal assintomática. Hipertensão arterial, dores abdominais, hematúria macroscópica, anorexia e associação com anormalidades congênitas podem ocorrer. Este caso objetiva chamar a atenção para o diagnóstico diferencial das massas abdominais e ratifi car a importância do exame clínico no diagnóstico precoce. Descrição de Caso: Menina, 11 meses, natural e procedente de Canoas. Consultava regularmente na UBS com médico generalista e nas emergências. Há dois meses, mãe levou menina à UBS por dores abdominais e irritabilidade. Foi liberada com sintomáticos. Dias após, percebeu massa abdominal e procurou a emergência. Após exame clínico, fez-se ecografia abdominal que evidenciou massa renal unilateral. A paciente foi encaminhada ao nosso serviço. Chegou nutrida, descorada, irritada, com massa palpável em hipocôndrio esquerdo, estendendo-se até fossa ilíaca e ultrapassando a linha média. Realizou TC abdome: massa renal de 9,2x 8,9 cm, sugestiva de tumor de Wilms. Fez quimioterapia por 4 semanas e nefrectomia à esquerda. Anatomopatológico confirmou tumor de Wilms localizado. Conclusões: Estima-se que cerca de 70% das crianças com câncer possam ser curadas se diagnosticadas precocemente e tratadas em centros especializados. Com a descrição deste caso, chamamos a atenção para a importância do exame clínico e a valorização das queixas do paciente e de seus familiares, bem como para investigação das massas abdominais.

Background: Cancer is the leading cause of death by disease among children 1-19 years of age. Renal tumors account for 5-10% of these neoplasms. The most frequent initial clinical presentation is the presence of asymptomatic abdominal mass. High blood pressure, abdominal pain, macroscopic hematuria, anorexia and association with congenital abnormalities may occur. This case aims to draw attention to the differential diagnosis of abdominal masses and ratify the importance of clinical examination in early diagnosis. Description of case: Girl 11 months, born and living in Canoas. She consulted regularly with general practitioner and emergencies at the BHU. Two months ago, mother took the girl to BHU complaining of abdominal pain and irritability. She was released with symptomatic medications. A few days later, an abdominal mass was perceived and the patient was brought to the emergency. After clinical examination, abdominal ultrasonography showed unilateral renal mass. The patient was referred to our service. She was nourished, discolored, irritated, with a palpable mass in the left hypochondrium, extending to the iliac fossa and surpassing the midline. Abdominal CT showed renal mass 9,2 x 8.9 cm suggestive of Wilms' tumor. She was submitted to chemotherapy for 4 weeks and left nephrectomy. Pathology confi rmed localized Wilms’ tumor. Conclusions: It is estimated that about 70% of children with cancer can be cured if diagnosed early and treated in specialized centers. With the description of this case, we draw attention to the importance of clinical examination and appreciation of the patient's and their families’ complaints, as well as to the investigation of abdominal masses.

Leucemias na clínica pediátrica / Leukemias in Pediatric Practice

Os autores discutem a importância e frequência das leucemias na infancia, discorrendo sobre o quadro clinico, diagnóstico e tratamento das leucemias agudas, moléstia crônica e bifenotípica.